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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Linear structural component designed to resist tension}}
[[Image:H2A..jpg|thumb|240px|right|A hurricane tie used to fasten a [[rafter]] to a [[wall stud|stud]]]]
A '''tie''', [[strap]], [[tie rod]], [[eyebar]], [[guy-wire]], suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear [[structural component]]s designed to resist [[Tension (physics)|tension]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trautwine| first1=John Cresson| title=The Civil Engineer's Pocket-Book|via=[[Internet Archive]]| url=https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog| access-date=February 12, 2010| edition=20th| year=1919| orig-year=1871| publisher=Trautwine Company| location=Wallingford, Pennsylvania| page=[https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog/page/n433 359]| quote=A long slender piece sustaining tension is called a tie. One sustaining compression is called a strut or post.}}</ref> It is the opposite of a [[strut]] or [[column]], which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material.
==Application in wood construction==
In wood-frame construction ties are generally made of [[Galvanization|galvanized]] [[steel]].<ref name="Coatings">{{cite news |url=http://www.strong-tie.com/productuse/coatings.html|title=Different coatings available|publisher=strong-tie.com}}</ref>
Wood framing ties generally have holes allowing them to be fastened to the wood structure by [[nail (engineering)|nails]] or [[screw]]s. The number and type of nails are specific to the tie and its use. The manufacturer generally specifies information as to the connection method for each of their products. Among the most common wood framing ties used is the [[tropical cyclone|hurricane]] tie or [[seismic]] tie used in the [[Framing (construction)|framing]] of wooden structures where wind uplift or seismic overturning is a concern.
===Hurricane tie===
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 100713-A-5170O-167.jpg|thumb|Hurricane ties are in place at the top of the wall as the roof trusses are being placed.]]
A hurricane tie (also known as hurricane clip or strip) is used to help make a structure (specifically [[Framing (construction)|wooden structures]]) more resistant to high winds (such as in [[hurricane]]s), resisting uplift, racking, overturning, and sliding.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.safestronghome.com/highwind/01.asp|title=How wind affects your home|publisher=safestronghome.com}} (A Simpson Strong-Tie website)</ref>
Each of the crucial connections in a structure, that would otherwise fail under the pressures of high winds, have a corresponding type of tie, generally made of [[Galvanization|galvanized]] or [[stainless steel]], and intended to resist hurricane-force and other strong winds.<ref name="Rumbarger, Janet 2003">Rumbarger, Janet, Richard Vitullo, and Charles George Ramsey. ''Architectural graphic standards for residential construction''. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 238. Print.</ref>
"Hurricane clip" has two meanings in building construction:
* A connecting tie that provides a continuous structural load transfer path from the top of a building to its foundation, helping to protect buildings from damage resulting from high wind. These devices are primarily used in areas affected by high winds including [[hurricane]]s but are generally suitable for any area that may be impacted by windstorm damage. They are also known as hurricane ''ties''<ref name="Rumbarger, Janet 2003"/> or ''strips'';
* A tie which is attached to roof tiles to keep them from blowing off a roof. These devices are also known as ''wind clips'' and ''hurricane side clips''.<ref>[http://www.boralamerica.com/Media/Default/Resources/Roof-Components/components-install-wind-clip.pdf Document from a commercial website]</ref>
===Seismic tie===
Seismic ties are used to securely fix cabinets, bookcases, desks, appliances, machinery & equipment to walls and/or floors to constrain their movement during earthquakes.
<ref name="USG data">{{cite web|title=Seismic Technical Guide|url=http://www.usg.com/content/dam/USG_Marketing_Communications/united_states/product_promotional_materials/finished_assets/seismic-technical-guide-seismic-clip-perimeter-interface-en-SC2498.pdf|website=USGUSG Seismic Ceiling Resource Center|publisher=usg.com|access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>
===Girder tiedown===
Top mount, face mount, sloped/skewed, and variable pitch hangers for dimensional lumber, engineered wood I-joists, structural composite lumber and masonry wall. To give added strength in increase various load requirements over wood only.
===Joist hanger or corner bracket ===
Joist hangers are used to prevent floor joists, which is what supports the flooring systems in residential homes and buildings built using lumber, from dropping and twisting thus creating an uneven walking surface. This is known as floor sagging. It is important to note that when laying wooden subfloor to apply adhesive to the joists which the subfloor will lay on to help prevent creaking & lateral movement and separation of the joists and subfloor. Using screws instead of nails is also highly recommended to prevent the aforementioned creaking and other problems as well. Subfloor isn't load bearing in residential construction. Although the use of steel joist hangers to support floor joists is recommended over a ledger supporting the joists because of house settling and nail separation, they are not required by code in most municipalities. However, toe nailing & end nailing is nowhere near as effective as using hangers to support flooring systems. <ref name=Anderson>{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=LeRoy Oscar|title=Wood-frame House Construction|date=28 Nov 1992|publisher=Craftsman Book Company|location=USA|isbn=9780934041744|page=35}}</ref>
===Twist strap===
Twist straps provide a tension connection between two wood members. They resist uplift at the heel of a truss economically. When the strengthening is being done from the inside, the ideal connector to use is one that connects rafters or trusses directly to wall studs. This can only be done where the rafter or trusses are immediately above or immediately to the side of studs below. In that case a twist strap connector can be used.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Douglas|first1=Howard|title=Wood Frame Roof-to-Wall Connections|url=http://www.floridadisaster.org/hrg/content/walls/wood_frame_rtw_conn.asp|website=Florida Hurricane Retrofit Guide|publisher=Division of Emergency Management|access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>
===Floor span connector===
A connector for connecting wall studs of two adjacent floors in a light frame building structure, the connector having a first attachment tab, a seat member, a diagonally slanted support leg, and a second attachment tab, all substantially planar. The connector is intended to be paired and the paired connectors joined by an elongated tie member that pierces the sill plates of the intervening floor structure.
===Angle tie===
Sometimes referred to as an angle brace. The Angle tie is used to prevent displacement of building elements due to thrust. A brace/tie across an interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypotenuse and securing the two side pieces together.<ref>{{cite web|title=Right-angle brace gives you a corner on clamping tasks|url=http://www.woodmagazine.com/woodworking-plans/clamping/right-angle-jig-gives-you-a-corner-on-clamping-tasks/|website=Wood Magazine|publisher=Wood Magazine|access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref>
===Z-clip===
Similar to a French cleat, a Z-Clip allows for the installation of wall panels without screwing into the front of the panels. The clips provide a secure mount for wall panels, partitions, frames, cabinets, and more. Once installed, clips wedge together to lock panels in place. To disengage panels, simply lift and remove.
===Plate===
[[Image:wood truss plates.jpg|thumb|Metal connector plates.]]
See {{ main | truss connector plate }}
===Rafter tie (and tie-beams)===
Rafter ties are designed to tie together the bottoms of opposing rafters on a roof, to resist the outward thrust where the roof meets the house ceiling and walls. This helps keep walls from spreading due to the weight of the roof and anything on it, notably wet snow. In many or most homes, the ceiling [[joist]]s also serve as the rafter ties. When the walls spread, the roof ridge will sag. A sagging ridge is one clue that the home may lack adequate rafter ties. Rafter ties form the bottom chord of a simple triangular roof truss. They resist the out-thrust of a triangle that's trying to flatten under the roof's own weight or snow load. They are placed in the bottom one-third of the roof height. Rafter ties are always required unless the roof has a structural (self-supporting) ridge, or is built using engineered trusses. A lack of rafter ties is a serious structural issue in a conventionally framed roof.
[[File:St Marys Church, Radnage, Bucks, England 15th century tie-beam roof.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The 15th-century tie-beam roof at St Marys Church, Radnage, Buckinghamshire in England]]
A wooden beam serving this purpose is known as a tie-beam and a roof incorporating tie-beams is known as a tie-beam roof.<ref name=Council-code>{{cite web|title=2308.10.4.1 Ceiling joist and rafter connections|url=http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm|website=International Code Council|access-date=24 May 2015|archive-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524194403/http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Framing (construction)]]
* [[Timber framing]]
* [[List of structural elements]]
* [[Tie rod]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Fasteners]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Linear structural component designed to resist tension}}
[[Image:H2A..jpg|thumb|240px|right|A hurricane tie used to fasten a [[rafter]] to a [[wall stud|stud]]]]
A '''tie''' is gay, [[strap]], [[tie rod]], [[eyebar]], [[guy-wire]], suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear [[structural component]]s designed to resist [[Tension (physics)|tension]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trautwine| first1=John Cresson| title=The Civil Engineer's Pocket-Book|via=[[Internet Archive]]| url=https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog| access-date=February 12, 2010| edition=20th| year=1919| orig-year=1871| publisher=Trautwine Company| location=Wallingford, Pennsylvania| page=[https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog/page/n433 359]| quote=A long slender piece sustaining tension is called a tie. One sustaining compression is called a strut or post.}}</ref> It is the opposite of a [[strut]] or [[column]], which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material.
==Application in wood construction==
In wood-frame construction ties are generally made of [[Galvanization|galvanized]] [[steel]].<ref name="Coatings">{{cite news |url=http://www.strong-tie.com/productuse/coatings.html|title=Different coatings available|publisher=strong-tie.com}}</ref>
Wood framing ties generally have holes allowing them to be fastened to the wood structure by [[nail (engineering)|nails]] or [[screw]]s. The number and type of nails are specific to the tie and its use. The manufacturer generally specifies information as to the connection method for each of their products. Among the most common wood framing ties used is the [[tropical cyclone|hurricane]] tie or [[seismic]] tie used in the [[Framing (construction)|framing]] of wooden structures where wind uplift or seismic overturning is a concern.
===Hurricane tie===
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 100713-A-5170O-167.jpg|thumb|Hurricane ties are in place at the top of the wall as the roof trusses are being placed.]]
A hurricane tie (also known as hurricane clip or strip) is used to help make a structure (specifically [[Framing (construction)|wooden structures]]) more resistant to high winds (such as in [[hurricane]]s), resisting uplift, racking, overturning, and sliding.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.safestronghome.com/highwind/01.asp|title=How wind affects your home|publisher=safestronghome.com}} (A Simpson Strong-Tie website)</ref>
Each of the crucial connections in a structure, that would otherwise fail under the pressures of high winds, have a corresponding type of tie, generally made of [[Galvanization|galvanized]] or [[stainless steel]], and intended to resist hurricane-force and other strong winds.<ref name="Rumbarger, Janet 2003">Rumbarger, Janet, Richard Vitullo, and Charles George Ramsey. ''Architectural graphic standards for residential construction''. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 238. Print.</ref>
"Hurricane clip" has two meanings in building construction:
* A connecting tie that provides a continuous structural load transfer path from the top of a building to its foundation, helping to protect buildings from damage resulting from high wind. These devices are primarily used in areas affected by high winds including [[hurricane]]s but are generally suitable for any area that may be impacted by windstorm damage. They are also known as hurricane ''ties''<ref name="Rumbarger, Janet 2003"/> or ''strips'';
* A tie which is attached to roof tiles to keep them from blowing off a roof. These devices are also known as ''wind clips'' and ''hurricane side clips''.<ref>[http://www.boralamerica.com/Media/Default/Resources/Roof-Components/components-install-wind-clip.pdf Document from a commercial website]</ref>
===Seismic tie===
Seismic ties are used to securely fix cabinets, bookcases, desks, appliances, machinery & equipment to walls and/or floors to constrain their movement during earthquakes.
<ref name="USG data">{{cite web|title=Seismic Technical Guide|url=http://www.usg.com/content/dam/USG_Marketing_Communications/united_states/product_promotional_materials/finished_assets/seismic-technical-guide-seismic-clip-perimeter-interface-en-SC2498.pdf|website=USGUSG Seismic Ceiling Resource Center|publisher=usg.com|access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>
===Girder tiedown===
Top mount, face mount, sloped/skewed, and variable pitch hangers for dimensional lumber, engineered wood I-joists, structural composite lumber and masonry wall. To give added strength in increase various load requirements over wood only.
===Joist hanger or corner bracket ===
Joist hangers are used to prevent floor joists, which is what supports the flooring systems in residential homes and buildings built using lumber, from dropping and twisting thus creating an uneven walking surface. This is known as floor sagging. It is important to note that when laying wooden subfloor to apply adhesive to the joists which the subfloor will lay on to help prevent creaking & lateral movement and separation of the joists and subfloor. Using screws instead of nails is also highly recommended to prevent the aforementioned creaking and other problems as well. Subfloor isn't load bearing in residential construction. Although the use of steel joist hangers to support floor joists is recommended over a ledger supporting the joists because of house settling and nail separation, they are not required by code in most municipalities. However, toe nailing & end nailing is nowhere near as effective as using hangers to support flooring systems. <ref name=Anderson>{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=LeRoy Oscar|title=Wood-frame House Construction|date=28 Nov 1992|publisher=Craftsman Book Company|location=USA|isbn=9780934041744|page=35}}</ref>
===Twist strap===
Twist straps provide a tension connection between two wood members. They resist uplift at the heel of a truss economically. When the strengthening is being done from the inside, the ideal connector to use is one that connects rafters or trusses directly to wall studs. This can only be done where the rafter or trusses are immediately above or immediately to the side of studs below. In that case a twist strap connector can be used.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Douglas|first1=Howard|title=Wood Frame Roof-to-Wall Connections|url=http://www.floridadisaster.org/hrg/content/walls/wood_frame_rtw_conn.asp|website=Florida Hurricane Retrofit Guide|publisher=Division of Emergency Management|access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>
===Floor span connector===
A connector for connecting wall studs of two adjacent floors in a light frame building structure, the connector having a first attachment tab, a seat member, a diagonally slanted support leg, and a second attachment tab, all substantially planar. The connector is intended to be paired and the paired connectors joined by an elongated tie member that pierces the sill plates of the intervening floor structure.
===Angle tie===
Sometimes referred to as an angle brace. The Angle tie is used to prevent displacement of building elements due to thrust. A brace/tie across an interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypotenuse and securing the two side pieces together.<ref>{{cite web|title=Right-angle brace gives you a corner on clamping tasks|url=http://www.woodmagazine.com/woodworking-plans/clamping/right-angle-jig-gives-you-a-corner-on-clamping-tasks/|website=Wood Magazine|publisher=Wood Magazine|access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref>
===Z-clip===
Similar to a French cleat, a Z-Clip allows for the installation of wall panels without screwing into the front of the panels. The clips provide a secure mount for wall panels, partitions, frames, cabinets, and more. Once installed, clips wedge together to lock panels in place. To disengage panels, simply lift and remove.
===Plate===
[[Image:wood truss plates.jpg|thumb|Metal connector plates.]]
See {{ main | truss connector plate }}
===Rafter tie (and tie-beams)===
Rafter ties are designed to tie together the bottoms of opposing rafters on a roof, to resist the outward thrust where the roof meets the house ceiling and walls. This helps keep walls from spreading due to the weight of the roof and anything on it, notably wet snow. In many or most homes, the ceiling [[joist]]s also serve as the rafter ties. When the walls spread, the roof ridge will sag. A sagging ridge is one clue that the home may lack adequate rafter ties. Rafter ties form the bottom chord of a simple triangular roof truss. They resist the out-thrust of a triangle that's trying to flatten under the roof's own weight or snow load. They are placed in the bottom one-third of the roof height. Rafter ties are always required unless the roof has a structural (self-supporting) ridge, or is built using engineered trusses. A lack of rafter ties is a serious structural issue in a conventionally framed roof.
[[File:St Marys Church, Radnage, Bucks, England 15th century tie-beam roof.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The 15th-century tie-beam roof at St Marys Church, Radnage, Buckinghamshire in England]]
A wooden beam serving this purpose is known as a tie-beam and a roof incorporating tie-beams is known as a tie-beam roof.<ref name=Council-code>{{cite web|title=2308.10.4.1 Ceiling joist and rafter connections|url=http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm|website=International Code Council|access-date=24 May 2015|archive-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524194403/http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Framing (construction)]]
* [[Timber framing]]
* [[List of structural elements]]
* [[Tie rod]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Fasteners]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
[[Image:H2A..jpg|thumb|240px|right|A hurricane tie used to fasten a [[rafter]] to a [[wall stud|stud]]]]
-A '''tie''', [[strap]], [[tie rod]], [[eyebar]], [[guy-wire]], suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear [[structural component]]s designed to resist [[Tension (physics)|tension]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trautwine| first1=John Cresson| title=The Civil Engineer's Pocket-Book|via=[[Internet Archive]]| url=https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog| access-date=February 12, 2010| edition=20th| year=1919| orig-year=1871| publisher=Trautwine Company| location=Wallingford, Pennsylvania| page=[https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog/page/n433 359]| quote=A long slender piece sustaining tension is called a tie. One sustaining compression is called a strut or post.}}</ref> It is the opposite of a [[strut]] or [[column]], which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material.
+A '''tie''' is gay, [[strap]], [[tie rod]], [[eyebar]], [[guy-wire]], suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear [[structural component]]s designed to resist [[Tension (physics)|tension]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trautwine| first1=John Cresson| title=The Civil Engineer's Pocket-Book|via=[[Internet Archive]]| url=https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog| access-date=February 12, 2010| edition=20th| year=1919| orig-year=1871| publisher=Trautwine Company| location=Wallingford, Pennsylvania| page=[https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog/page/n433 359]| quote=A long slender piece sustaining tension is called a tie. One sustaining compression is called a strut or post.}}</ref> It is the opposite of a [[strut]] or [[column]], which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material.
==Application in wood construction==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 9762 |
Old page size (old_size) | 9755 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 7 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => 'A '''tie''' is gay, [[strap]], [[tie rod]], [[eyebar]], [[guy-wire]], suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear [[structural component]]s designed to resist [[Tension (physics)|tension]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trautwine| first1=John Cresson| title=The Civil Engineer's Pocket-Book|via=[[Internet Archive]]| url=https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog| access-date=February 12, 2010| edition=20th| year=1919| orig-year=1871| publisher=Trautwine Company| location=Wallingford, Pennsylvania| page=[https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog/page/n433 359]| quote=A long slender piece sustaining tension is called a tie. One sustaining compression is called a strut or post.}}</ref> It is the opposite of a [[strut]] or [[column]], which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material.'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'A '''tie''', [[strap]], [[tie rod]], [[eyebar]], [[guy-wire]], suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear [[structural component]]s designed to resist [[Tension (physics)|tension]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trautwine| first1=John Cresson| title=The Civil Engineer's Pocket-Book|via=[[Internet Archive]]| url=https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog| access-date=February 12, 2010| edition=20th| year=1919| orig-year=1871| publisher=Trautwine Company| location=Wallingford, Pennsylvania| page=[https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog/page/n433 359]| quote=A long slender piece sustaining tension is called a tie. One sustaining compression is called a strut or post.}}</ref> It is the opposite of a [[strut]] or [[column]], which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog',
1 => 'https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog/page/n433',
2 => 'http://www.strong-tie.com/productuse/coatings.html',
3 => 'http://www.safestronghome.com/highwind/01.asp',
4 => 'http://www.boralamerica.com/Media/Default/Resources/Roof-Components/components-install-wind-clip.pdf',
5 => 'http://www.usg.com/content/dam/USG_Marketing_Communications/united_states/product_promotional_materials/finished_assets/seismic-technical-guide-seismic-clip-perimeter-interface-en-SC2498.pdf',
6 => 'http://www.floridadisaster.org/hrg/content/walls/wood_frame_rtw_conn.asp',
7 => 'http://www.woodmagazine.com/woodworking-plans/clamping/right-angle-jig-gives-you-a-corner-on-clamping-tasks/',
8 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150524194403/http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm',
9 => 'http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
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1 => 'http://www.safestronghome.com/highwind/01.asp',
2 => 'http://www.usg.com/content/dam/USG_Marketing_Communications/united_states/product_promotional_materials/finished_assets/seismic-technical-guide-seismic-clip-perimeter-interface-en-SC2498.pdf',
3 => 'http://www.floridadisaster.org/hrg/content/walls/wood_frame_rtw_conn.asp',
4 => 'http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm',
5 => 'http://www.woodmagazine.com/woodworking-plans/clamping/right-angle-jig-gives-you-a-corner-on-clamping-tasks/',
6 => 'http://www.boralamerica.com/Media/Default/Resources/Roof-Components/components-install-wind-clip.pdf',
7 => 'https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog',
8 => 'https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog/page/n433',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Linear structural component designed to resist tension</div>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H2A..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5b/H2A..jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>A hurricane tie used to fasten a <a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">rafter</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">stud</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>A <b>tie</b> is gay, <a href="/wiki/Strap" title="Strap">strap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tie_rod" title="Tie rod">tie rod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyebar" title="Eyebar">eyebar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy-wire" title="Guy-wire">guy-wire</a>, suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear <a href="/wiki/Structural_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural component">structural components</a> designed to resist <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> It is the opposite of a <a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">strut</a> or <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">column</a>, which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Application_in_wood_construction"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Application in wood construction</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Hurricane_tie"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hurricane tie</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Seismic_tie"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Seismic tie</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Girder_tiedown"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Girder tiedown</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Joist_hanger_or_corner_bracket"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Joist hanger or corner bracket</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Twist_strap"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Twist strap</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Floor_span_connector"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Floor span connector</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Angle_tie"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Angle tie</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Z-clip"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Z-clip</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Plate"><span class="tocnumber">1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Plate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Rafter_tie_(and_tie-beams)"><span class="tocnumber">1.10</span> <span class="toctext">Rafter tie (and tie-beams)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Application_in_wood_construction">Application in wood construction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Application in wood construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In wood-frame construction ties are generally made of <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanized</a> <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coatings_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coatings-2">[2]</a></sup>
Wood framing ties generally have holes allowing them to be fastened to the wood structure by <a href="/wiki/Nail_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail (engineering)">nails</a> or <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screws</a>. The number and type of nails are specific to the tie and its use. The manufacturer generally specifies information as to the connection method for each of their products. Among the most common wood framing ties used is the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricane</a> tie or <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> tie used in the <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">framing</a> of wooden structures where wind uplift or seismic overturning is a concern.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hurricane_tie">Hurricane tie</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hurricane tie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Hurricane ties are in place at the top of the wall as the roof trusses are being placed.</figcaption></figure>
<p>A hurricane tie (also known as hurricane clip or strip) is used to help make a structure (specifically <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">wooden structures</a>) more resistant to high winds (such as in <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a>), resisting uplift, racking, overturning, and sliding.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
Each of the crucial connections in a structure, that would otherwise fail under the pressures of high winds, have a corresponding type of tie, generally made of <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, and intended to resist hurricane-force and other strong winds.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>"Hurricane clip" has two meanings in building construction:
</p>
<ul><li>A connecting tie that provides a continuous structural load transfer path from the top of a building to its foundation, helping to protect buildings from damage resulting from high wind. These devices are primarily used in areas affected by high winds including <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a> but are generally suitable for any area that may be impacted by windstorm damage. They are also known as hurricane <i>ties</i><sup id="cite_ref-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003-4">[4]</a></sup> or <i>strips</i>;</li>
<li>A tie which is attached to roof tiles to keep them from blowing off a roof. These devices are also known as <i>wind clips</i> and <i>hurricane side clips</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Seismic_tie">Seismic tie</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seismic tie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Seismic ties are used to securely fix cabinets, bookcases, desks, appliances, machinery & equipment to walls and/or floors to constrain their movement during earthquakes.
<sup id="cite_ref-USG_data_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USG_data-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Girder_tiedown">Girder tiedown</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Girder tiedown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Top mount, face mount, sloped/skewed, and variable pitch hangers for dimensional lumber, engineered wood I-joists, structural composite lumber and masonry wall. To give added strength in increase various load requirements over wood only.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Joist_hanger_or_corner_bracket">Joist hanger or corner bracket</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Joist hanger or corner bracket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Joist hangers are used to prevent floor joists, which is what supports the flooring systems in residential homes and buildings built using lumber, from dropping and twisting thus creating an uneven walking surface. This is known as floor sagging. It is important to note that when laying wooden subfloor to apply adhesive to the joists which the subfloor will lay on to help prevent creaking & lateral movement and separation of the joists and subfloor. Using screws instead of nails is also highly recommended to prevent the aforementioned creaking and other problems as well. Subfloor isn't load bearing in residential construction. Although the use of steel joist hangers to support floor joists is recommended over a ledger supporting the joists because of house settling and nail separation, they are not required by code in most municipalities. However, toe nailing & end nailing is nowhere near as effective as using hangers to support flooring systems. <sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Twist_strap">Twist strap</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Twist strap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Twist straps provide a tension connection between two wood members. They resist uplift at the heel of a truss economically. When the strengthening is being done from the inside, the ideal connector to use is one that connects rafters or trusses directly to wall studs. This can only be done where the rafter or trusses are immediately above or immediately to the side of studs below. In that case a twist strap connector can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Floor_span_connector">Floor span connector</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Floor span connector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A connector for connecting wall studs of two adjacent floors in a light frame building structure, the connector having a first attachment tab, a seat member, a diagonally slanted support leg, and a second attachment tab, all substantially planar. The connector is intended to be paired and the paired connectors joined by an elongated tie member that pierces the sill plates of the intervening floor structure.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Angle_tie">Angle tie</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Angle tie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Sometimes referred to as an angle brace. The Angle tie is used to prevent displacement of building elements due to thrust. A brace/tie across an interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypotenuse and securing the two side pieces together.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Z-clip">Z-clip</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Z-clip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Similar to a French cleat, a Z-Clip allows for the installation of wall panels without screwing into the front of the panels. The clips provide a secure mount for wall panels, partitions, frames, cabinets, and more. Once installed, clips wedge together to lock panels in place. To disengage panels, simply lift and remove.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Plate">Plate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_truss_plates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Wood_truss_plates.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Metal connector plates.</figcaption></figure><p>
See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Truss_connector_plate" title="Truss connector plate">truss connector plate</a></div>
<h3><span id="Rafter_tie_.28and_tie-beams.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Rafter_tie_(and_tie-beams)">Rafter tie (and tie-beams)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rafter tie (and tie-beams)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Rafter ties are designed to tie together the bottoms of opposing rafters on a roof, to resist the outward thrust where the roof meets the house ceiling and walls. This helps keep walls from spreading due to the weight of the roof and anything on it, notably wet snow. In many or most homes, the ceiling <a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">joists</a> also serve as the rafter ties. When the walls spread, the roof ridge will sag. A sagging ridge is one clue that the home may lack adequate rafter ties. Rafter ties form the bottom chord of a simple triangular roof truss. They resist the out-thrust of a triangle that's trying to flatten under the roof's own weight or snow load. They are placed in the bottom one-third of the roof height. Rafter ties are always required unless the roof has a structural (self-supporting) ridge, or is built using engineered trusses. A lack of rafter ties is a serious structural issue in a conventionally framed roof.
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Marys_Church,_Radnage,_Bucks,_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg/300px-St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg/450px-St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg/600px-St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>The 15th-century tie-beam roof at St Marys Church, Radnage, Buckinghamshire in England</figcaption></figure>
<p>A wooden beam serving this purpose is known as a tie-beam and a roof incorporating tie-beams is known as a tie-beam roof.<sup id="cite_ref-Council-code_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council-code-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">Framing (construction)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_structural_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of structural elements">List of structural elements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tie_rod" title="Tie rod">Tie rod</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrautwine1919" class="citation book cs1">Trautwine, John Cresson (1919) [1871]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog"><i>The Civil Engineer's Pocket-Book</i></a> (20th ed.). Wallingford, Pennsylvania: Trautwine Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog/page/n433">359</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2010</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>A long slender piece sustaining tension is called a tie. One sustaining compression is called a strut or post.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Engineer%27s+Pocket-Book&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=359&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=Trautwine+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Trautwine&rft.aufirst=John+Cresson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilengineersp00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Coatings-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coatings_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strong-tie.com/productuse/coatings.html">"Different coatings available"</a>. strong-tie.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Different+coatings+available&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strong-tie.com%2Fproductuse%2Fcoatings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safestronghome.com/highwind/01.asp">"How wind affects your home"</a>. safestronghome.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+wind+affects+your+home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safestronghome.com%2Fhighwind%2F01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span> (A Simpson Strong-Tie website)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rumbarger, Janet, Richard Vitullo, and Charles George Ramsey. <i>Architectural graphic standards for residential construction</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 238. Print.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boralamerica.com/Media/Default/Resources/Roof-Components/components-install-wind-clip.pdf">Document from a commercial website</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-USG_data-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USG_data_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usg.com/content/dam/USG_Marketing_Communications/united_states/product_promotional_materials/finished_assets/seismic-technical-guide-seismic-clip-perimeter-interface-en-SC2498.pdf">"Seismic Technical Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USGUSG Seismic Ceiling Resource Center</i>. usg.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGUSG+Seismic+Ceiling+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Seismic+Technical+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usg.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FUSG_Marketing_Communications%2Funited_states%2Fproduct_promotional_materials%2Ffinished_assets%2Fseismic-technical-guide-seismic-clip-perimeter-interface-en-SC2498.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Anderson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1992" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, LeRoy Oscar (28 Nov 1992). <i>Wood-frame House Construction</i>. USA: Craftsman Book Company. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780934041744" title="Special:BookSources/9780934041744"><bdi>9780934041744</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood-frame+House+Construction&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Craftsman+Book+Company&rft.date=1992-11-28&rft.isbn=9780934041744&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=LeRoy+Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas" class="citation web cs1">Douglas, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridadisaster.org/hrg/content/walls/wood_frame_rtw_conn.asp">"Wood Frame Roof-to-Wall Connections"</a>. <i>Florida Hurricane Retrofit Guide</i>. Division of Emergency Management<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Hurricane+Retrofit+Guide&rft.atitle=Wood+Frame+Roof-to-Wall+Connections&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridadisaster.org%2Fhrg%2Fcontent%2Fwalls%2Fwood_frame_rtw_conn.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodmagazine.com/woodworking-plans/clamping/right-angle-jig-gives-you-a-corner-on-clamping-tasks/">"Right-angle brace gives you a corner on clamping tasks"</a>. <i>Wood Magazine</i>. Wood Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wood+Magazine&rft.atitle=Right-angle+brace+gives+you+a+corner+on+clamping+tasks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodmagazine.com%2Fwoodworking-plans%2Fclamping%2Fright-angle-jig-gives-you-a-corner-on-clamping-tasks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Council-code-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Council-code_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524194403/http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm">"2308.10.4.1 Ceiling joist and rafter connections"</a>. <i>International Code Council</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm">the original</a> on 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Code+Council&rft.atitle=2308.10.4.1+Ceiling+joist+and+rafter+connections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicecodes.cyberregs.com%2Ficod%2Fibc%2F2012%2Ficod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714664793' |
